Ghostwriter Targets Ukraine Government Entities with Prometheus Phishing Malware

Ravie LakshmananMay 22, 2026Malware / Artificial Intelligence

The Belarus-aligned threat actor known as Ghostwriter (aka UAC-0057 and UNC1151Ukraine’s National Security and Defense Council) has been observed using lures related to Prometheus, a Ukrainian online learning platform, to target government organizations in the country.

The activity, per the Computer Emergency Response Team of Ukraine (CERT-UA), involves sending phishing emails to government entities using compromised accounts. It’s been active since the spring of 2026.

“Typically, the email contains a PDF attachment with a link that, when clicked, leads to the download of a ZIP archive containing a JavaScript file,” the agency said in a Thursday report.

The JavaScript file, dubbed OYSTERFRESH, is designed to display a decoy document as a distraction mechanism, while stealthily writing an obfuscated and encrypted payload called OYSTERBLUES to the Windows Registry, as well as downloading and launching OYSTERSHUCK, which is responsible for decoding OYSTERBLUES.

It then awaits further responses containing next-stage JavaScript code, which is executed using the eval() function. The final payload is assessed to be Cobalt Strike, an adversary simulation framework that’s widely abused for post-exploitation activities.

“To reduce the likelihood of this cyber threat being exploited, it is advisable to apply known basic approaches to reducing the attack surface, specifically by restricting the ability to run wscript.exe for standard user accounts,” CERT-UA said.

The disclosure comes as Ukraine’s National Security and Defense Council revealed Russia’s use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools like OpenAI ChatGPT and Google Gemini to scout targets and embed the technology into malware to generate malicious commands at runtime, while calling out Kremlin-backed hacking groups for carry out cyber attacks focused on obtaining intelligence and ensuring a long-term presence in compromised networks for follow-on exploitation, including to support influence operations.

“The main vectors of initial penetration in 2025 were social engineering, exploitation of vulnerabilities, use of compromised RDP and VPN accounts, attacks on supply chains, and the use of unlicensed software that already contains built-in backdoors at the installation stage,” the Council said. “Attackers focused on stealing sensitive information, intercepting communications, and tracking the location of targets.”

In a related development, details have emerged about a pro-Kremlin propaganda campaign that hijacked real Bluesky users’ accounts to post fake content since 2024. Hijacked accounts included journalists and professors. The activity has been attributed to a Moscow-based company called Social Design Agency, which is linked to a campaign known as Matryoshka. In some of these cases, Bluesky has taken the step of suspending the accounts until the owners initiate a reset.